Inflammation: A common root cause of production issues

Inflammation is necessary for life and is the first step in the healing or repair process that helps the body fight off bacteria, pathogens and their toxins, and repair damaged tissue. If you’ve ever twisted your ankle, been stung by an insect or cut your finger, you may have experienced firsthand the familiar sensations of pain, redness, swelling, and heat that result from an injury or infection. This is inflammation in action. While an appropriate and robust inflammatory response is necessary, excessive or prolonged inflammation can become detrimental if not controlled. Inflammation is divided into two categories: acute and chronic.

The acute inflammation is the first line of defence to a pathogen or injury. It’s a short-term process where the immune system sends white blood cells to the site of the injury or invasion of the pathogen to initiate the healing process. This response should be rapid and robust, appearing within minutes or hours following activation of an immune response. On the other hand chronic inflammation occurs when the immune response fails to eliminate the cause of the immune response or acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation can last for weeks, months or longer. It diverts nutrients away from growth, reproduction and production in order to fuel the fight against the inflammatory response.

Risks and costs of chronic inflammation

Livestock and poultry producers need to pay close attention to inflammation and the immune system. While inflammation is necessary, there is a trade-off in terms of animal performance. When an animal is sick, its feed intake will decrease. At the same time, the immune system redirects nutrients utilised for growth to protection during an acute inflammatory response. When the immune response persists, and chronic inflammation occurs, nutrients and energy are diverted away from animal performance (including growth, reproduction, feed efficiency, and meat, or egg production) … ultimately decreasing profitability.

Immune system in action

The immune system is comprised of a sophisticated network of cells, proteins and enzymes that are programmed to monitor animal wellness. This network of cells detects and responds to bacteria and pathogens that may invade the body, as well as responds to stressors, injury or environmental challenges. All of these can have a detrimental impact on animal wellness and performance.

When a pathogen or bacteria crosses one of the body’s barriers, such as the skin, mucous membrane, or blood vessel linings, the immune system will detect the invasion. The immune system then sends signals to cytokines, pro-inflammatory proteins, indicating that help is needed. This initiates the movement of white blood cells toward the site of inflammation, infection or trauma. The first responders to the site are white blood cells called phagocytes. These cells help protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. There are two forms of phagocytes: The first being the Neutrophils, which are small, granular leukocytes that quickly appear at the site of a wound and ingest bacteria the second being Monocytes, which are larger leukocytes that appear about three days after infection and scavenge for bacteria, foreign particles and dead cellular material left behind by the neutrophils.

The neutrophils appear at the site first and work to engulf and destroy the pathogen or bacteria. They then display pieces of the pathogens on their surface to signal the monocytes to help continue the attack on the invading pathogens.

There are also a group of anti-inflammatory cytokines that help control the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. However, if there is a lack of balance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory proteins, the pro-inflammatory cytokines can send too many monocytes (white blood cells) to the site, damaging healthy cells and leading to chronic or prolonged inflammation. This is the point when an acute inflammatory response can potentially turn into a chronic inflammatory response.

Common sources of inflammation

There are several common inflammation sources that impact livestock and poultry performance and profitability. Two of the most common sources are poor gut integrity and heat stress.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract lining serves as an important barrier to prevent bacteria, pathogens and their toxins from passing through the intestinal lining and into the bloodstream. When a breakdown in the barrier occurs, this can lead to a condition called leaky gut. When a prolonged inflammatory response occurs in the GI tract, this decreases feed intake and animal performance.

When animals are under heat stress, blood flow is diverted away from the tissues that line the blood vessels within the digestive tract and other internal organs to the skin, which facilitates the heat dissipation process. However, the reduction in blood flow causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen and energy available to the epithelial layer of cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, allowing pathogens and their toxins to enter the bloodstream, due to leaky gut.

Performance trace minerals play a vital role in building healthy first responder cells and last but not least help in keeping birds healthy. Photo: Zinpro

Production challenges link to inflammation

A few common results or consequences of inflammation in livestock and poultry include decreased skin, carcass and meat quality, as well as decreased footpad integrity. These production challenges involve an immune response. Left uncontrolled, this immune response can lead to chronic inflammation.

The skin, or epithelial tissue, functions as a protective armour against inflammation from skin lesions that can lead to Cellulitis and bacteria that can result in footpad dermatitis in chickens. Maintaining strong skin and footpad integrity is a critical means to help prevent scratches and infection that can result in chronic inflammation and potentially lead to carcass condemnation. Performance trace minerals help to reinforce epithelial tissue integrity.

Respiratory infections can destroy the epithelial lining of the upper respiratory system, allowing pathogens to access the lower respiratory system. When this occurs, it can result in a prolonged inflammatory response that may lead to reduced weight gain, lower feed conversion and increased mortality.

Role of performance trace minerals

Performance trace minerals, when fed as part of a well-balanced livestock or poultry nutrition program, can help manage the effects of chronic inflammation by ensuring a robust and balanced immune response. Performance trace minerals play a vital role in building healthy first responder cells, as well as ensuring the pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines) are in balance with the anti-inflammatory proteins.

Not all trace minerals are created equal. Peer-reviewed research demonstrates that Zinpro Performance Minerals help fortify the immune system, providing a more robust and balanced immune response compared to feeding either inorganic and organic trace minerals. This helps animals recover faster, while minimizing economic losses.

Author: Connie Larson

To learn more about managing inflammation, go to EssentialFeed.zinpro.com. This site provides additional insights into inflammation and its link to common production challenges, as well as research summaries demonstrating the role performance trace minerals play in the management of inflammation.