Salmonella research provides clues to antibiotic development
One major difficulty for developers of antibiotics is choosing the proper point of attack against bacteria. There are hundreds of possible points of attack, according to genome analysis and laboratory culture experiments – but validation in in vivo infection models is largely lacking.
Infection biologists and proteomics researchers from Hannover Medical School and the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology have now identified all the proteins involved in Salmonella metabolic paths during an infection. The scientists isolated Salmonella from infected mice and then turned to highly-sensitive mass spectrometry to look at the protein mixture – and discovered hundreds of different Salmonella metabolic path proteins.
They compared them with special protein databanks and identified possible points of attack for antibiotics. The researchers examined what role these proteins play in a Salmonella infection.
They turned off genes responsible for the proteins to see how it affected the disease’s progress. “Knocking out” the gene was equivalent to blocking its corresponding metabolic path, thereby simulating the effect of antibiotics.
The analysis demonstrated that in the two possible types of salmonella-related illness (diarrhoea and typhoid), the bacteria are surprisingly unaffected by the blockade of several central metabolic pathways.
The reason for this is redundant enzymes, as well as the host offering a wide range of nutrients, which means Salmonella does not depend on its own biosynthetic abilities.
Only a few enzymes in certain metabolic pathways are really necessarily to keep Salmonella bacteria alive. Most of these essential enzymes are missing in other important pathogens, or they are also present in the human organism, so they cannot be considered possible points of attack for new broad-spectrum antibiotics with a wide range of effectiveness.
The remaining potentially useful metabolic paths are already used as the targets of current antibiotics – or have already been considered for development of an effective antibiotic.
A comprehensive analysis of two infection models – typhoid and diarrhoea – shows clearly that there are far fewer than expected possible points of attack for developing urgently needed antibiotics. It is also now obvious that increasingly ineffective antibiotics ought to be replaced by similar, but not identical, active principles. This points the way for future antibiotic research.
They compared them with special protein databanks and identified possible points of attack for antibiotics. The researchers examined what role these proteins play in a Salmonella infection.
They turned off genes responsible for the proteins to see how it affected the disease’s progress. “Knocking out” the gene was equivalent to blocking its corresponding metabolic path, thereby simulating the effect of antibiotics.
The analysis demonstrated that in the two possible types of salmonella-related illness (diarrhoea and typhoid), the bacteria are surprisingly unaffected by the blockade of several central metabolic pathways.
The reason for this is redundant enzymes, as well as the host offering a wide range of nutrients, which means Salmonella does not depend on its own biosynthetic abilities.
Only a few enzymes in certain metabolic pathways are really necessarily to keep Salmonella bacteria alive. Most of these essential enzymes are missing in other important pathogens, or they are also present in the human organism, so they cannot be considered possible points of attack for new broad-spectrum antibiotics with a wide range of effectiveness.
The remaining potentially useful metabolic paths are already used as the targets of current antibiotics – or have already been considered for development of an effective antibiotic.
A comprehensive analysis of two infection models – typhoid and diarrhoea – shows clearly that there are far fewer than expected possible points of attack for developing urgently needed antibiotics. It is also now obvious that increasingly ineffective antibiotics ought to be replaced by similar, but not identical, active principles. This points the way for future antibiotic research.
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